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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Toxin</span></span>
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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about naturally occurring organic poisons. For toxic substances that can be artificial or natural, see <a href="Toxicant" title="Toxicant">Toxicant</a>.</div>
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<p>A <b>toxin</b> is a <a href="Naturally_occurring" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturally occurring">naturally occurring</a> <a href="Poison" title="Poison">poison</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> produced by <a href="Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolic activities</a> of <a href="Life" title="Life">living</a> <a href="Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> or <a href="Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-urltoxin_–_Definition_from_the_Merriam-Webster_Online_Dictionary_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urltoxin_–_Definition_from_the_Merriam-Webster_Online_Dictionary-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They occur especially as <a href="Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, often <a href="Conjugated_protein" title="Conjugated protein">conjugated</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was first used by <a href="Organic_chemist" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic chemist">organic chemist</a> <a href="Ludwig_Brieger" title="Ludwig Brieger">Ludwig Brieger</a> (1849–1919),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> derived from <i><a href="Toxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic">toxic</a></i>.
</p><p>Toxins can be <a href="Small_molecule" title="Small molecule">small molecules</a>, <a href="Peptide" title="Peptide">peptides</a>, or <a href="Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> that are capable of causing disease on contact with or absorption by <a href="Biological_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological tissue">body tissues</a> interacting with biological <a href="Macromolecule" title="Macromolecule">macromolecules</a> such as <a href="Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> or <a href="Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">cellular receptors</a>. They vary greatly in their <a href="Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a>, ranging from usually minor (such as a <a href="Bee" title="Bee">bee</a> <a href="Stinger" title="Stinger">sting</a>) to potentially fatal even at extremely low doses (such as <a href="Botulinum_toxin" title="Botulinum toxin">botulinum toxin</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div>
<p>Toxins are often distinguished from other chemical agents strictly based on their biological origin.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Less strict understandings embrace naturally occurring <a href="Inorganic" class="mw-redirect" title="Inorganic">inorganic</a> toxins, such as <a href="Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other understandings embrace synthetic analogs of naturally occurring organic poisons as toxins,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or may not<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> embrace naturally occurring <a href="Inorganic" class="mw-redirect" title="Inorganic">inorganic</a> poisons. It is important to confirm usage if a common understanding is critical.
</p><p>Toxins are a subset of <a href="Toxicant" title="Toxicant">toxicants</a>. The term toxicant is preferred when the poison is <a href="Xenobiotic" title="Xenobiotic">man-made</a> and therefore artificial.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The human and scientific genetic assembly of a natural-based toxin should be considered a toxin as it is identical to its natural counterpart.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The debate is one of <a href="Semantics" title="Semantics">linguistic semantics</a>.
</p><p>The word toxin does not specify method of delivery (as opposed to <a href="Venom" title="Venom">venom</a>, a toxin delivered via a bite, sting, etc.). <a href="Poison" title="Poison">Poison</a> is a related but broader term that encompasses both toxins and toxicants; poisons may enter the body through any means - typically <a href="Inhalation" title="Inhalation">inhalation</a>, <a href="Ingestion" title="Ingestion">ingestion</a>, or <a href="Absorption_(skin)" title="Absorption (skin)">skin absorption</a>. Toxin, toxicant, and poison are often used interchangeably despite these subtle differences in definition. The term <a href="Toxungen" title="Toxungen">toxungen</a> has also been proposed to refer to toxins that are delivered onto the body surface of another organism without an accompanying <a href="Wound" title="Wound">wound</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10.1111/brv.12062_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1111/brv.12062-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>A rather informal terminology of individual toxins relates them to the anatomical location where their effects are most notable:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Genitotoxin" title="Genitotoxin">Genitotoxin</a>, damages the <a href="Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">urinary organs</a> or the reproductive organs</li>
<li><a href="Hemotoxin" title="Hemotoxin">Hemotoxin</a>, causes destruction of <a href="Red_blood_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Red blood cells">red blood cells</a> (<a href="Hemolysis" title="Hemolysis">hemolysis</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Phototoxin" title="Phototoxin">Phototoxin</a>, causes dangerous photosensitivity</li>
<li><a href="Hepatotoxin" title="Hepatotoxin">Hepatotoxins</a> affect the <a href="Liver" title="Liver">liver</a></li>
<li><a href="Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">Neurotoxins</a> affect the <a href="Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a></li></ul>
<p>On a broader scale, toxins may be classified as either <a href="Exotoxin" title="Exotoxin">exotoxins</a>, excreted by an organism, or <a href="Endotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Endotoxin">endotoxins</a>, which are released mainly when bacteria are <a href="Lysis" title="Lysis">lysed</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological">Biological</h2></div>
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<p>The term "biotoxin" is sometimes used to explicitly confirm the biological origin as opposed to environmental or anthropogenic origins.<sup id="cite_ref-urlbiotoxin_–_Definition_from_the_Merriam-Webster_Online_Dictionary_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlbiotoxin_–_Definition_from_the_Merriam-Webster_Online_Dictionary-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biotoxins can be classified by their mechanism of delivery as <a href="Poison" title="Poison">poisons</a> (passively transferred via ingestion, inhalation, or absorption across the skin), <a href="Toxungen" title="Toxungen">toxungens</a> (actively transferred to the target's surface by spitting, spraying, or smearing), or <a href="Venom" title="Venom">venoms</a> (delivered through a wound generated by a bite, sting, or other such action).<sup id="cite_ref-10.1111/brv.12062_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1111/brv.12062-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can also be classified by their source, such as <a href="Mycotoxin" title="Mycotoxin">fungal biotoxins</a>, <a href="Microbial_toxin" title="Microbial toxin">microbial toxins</a>, <a href="Phytotoxin" title="Phytotoxin">plant biotoxins</a>, or animal biotoxins.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Toxins produced by <a href="Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> are important <a href="Virulence" title="Virulence">virulence</a> determinants responsible for microbial <a href="Pathogenicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathogenicity">pathogenicity</a> and/or evasion of the host <a href="Immune_response" title="Immune response">immune response</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ProftT_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ProftT-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Biotoxins vary greatly in purpose and mechanism, and can be highly complex (the <a href="Venom" title="Venom">venom</a> of the <a href="Cone_snail" title="Cone snail">cone snail</a> can contain over 100 unique <a href="Peptide" title="Peptide">peptides</a>, which target specific nerve channels or receptors).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Biotoxins in nature have two primary functions:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Predation" title="Predation">Predation</a>, such as in the <a href="Spider" title="Spider">spider</a>, <a href="Snake" title="Snake">snake</a>, <a href="Scorpion" title="Scorpion">scorpion</a>, <a href="Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">jellyfish</a>, and <a href="Wasp" title="Wasp">wasp</a></li>
<li>Defense as in the <a href="Bee" title="Bee">bee</a>, <a href="Ant" title="Ant">ant</a>, <a href="Termite" title="Termite">termite</a>, <a href="Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">honey bee</a>, <a href="Wasp" title="Wasp">wasp</a>, <a href="Poison_dart_frog" title="Poison dart frog">poison dart frog</a> and <a href="Phytotoxin#Toxins_produced_by_plants" title="Phytotoxin">plants producing toxins</a>
<ul><li>The toxins used as defense in species among the <a href="Poison_dart_frog" title="Poison dart frog">poison dart frog</a> can also be used for medicinal purposes</li></ul></li></ul>
<p>Some of the more well known types of biotoxins include:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Cyanotoxin" title="Cyanotoxin">Cyanotoxins</a>, produced by <a href="Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a></li>
<li><a href="Dinotoxin" title="Dinotoxin">Dinotoxins</a>, produced by <a href="Dinoflagellate" title="Dinoflagellate">dinoflagellates</a></li>
<li>Necrotoxins cause <a href="Necrosis" title="Necrosis">necrosis</a> (i.e., death) in the cells they encounter.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Necrotoxins spread through the bloodstream. In humans, <a href="Skin" title="Skin">skin</a> and <a href="Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a> tissues are most sensitive to necrotoxins. Organisms that possess necrotoxins include:
<ul><li>The <a href="Brown_recluse_spider" title="Brown recluse spider">brown recluse</a> or "fiddle back" spider</li>
<li>Most <a href="Rattlesnake" title="Rattlesnake">rattlesnakes</a> and <a href="Vipers" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipers">vipers</a> produce <a href="Phospholipase" title="Phospholipase">phospholipase</a> and various <a href="Trypsin" title="Trypsin">trypsin</a>-like <a href="Serine_proteases" class="mw-redirect" title="Serine proteases">serine proteases</a></li>
<li><a href="Bitis_arietans" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitis arietans">Puff adder</a></li>
<li><a href="Necrotizing_fasciitis" title="Necrotizing fasciitis">Necrotizing fasciitis</a> (caused by the "flesh eating" bacterium <i><a href="Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes">Streptococcus pyogenes</a></i>) – produces a <a href="Pore-forming_toxin" title="Pore-forming toxin">pore forming toxin</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">Neurotoxins</a> primarily affect the nervous systems of animals. The group neurotoxins generally consists of ion channel toxins that disrupt ion channel conductance. Organisms that possess neurotoxins include:
<ul><li>The <a href="Latrodectus" title="Latrodectus">black widow</a> spider.</li>
<li>Most <a href="Scorpion" title="Scorpion">scorpions</a></li>
<li>The <a href="Box_jellyfish" title="Box jellyfish">box jellyfish</a></li>
<li><a href="Elapidae" title="Elapidae">Elapid</a> snakes</li>
<li>The <a href="Cone_snail" title="Cone snail">cone snail</a></li>
<li>The <a href="Blue-ringed_octopus" title="Blue-ringed octopus">Blue-ringed octopus</a></li>
<li><a href="Venomous_fish" title="Venomous fish">Venomous fish</a></li>
<li><a href="Frogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Frogs">Frogs</a></li>
<li><i><a href="Palythoa" title="Palythoa">Palythoa</a></i> <a href="Coral" title="Coral">coral</a></li>
<li>Various different types of <a href="Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, <a href="Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> and <a href="Dinoflagellates" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinoflagellates">dinoflagellates</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Myotoxin" title="Myotoxin">Myotoxins</a> are small, basic <a href="Peptide" title="Peptide">peptides</a> found in <a href="Snake" title="Snake">snake</a> and <a href="Lizard" title="Lizard">lizard</a> <a href="Venom_(poison)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venom (poison)">venoms</a>, They cause muscle tissue damage by a non-enzymatic receptor based mechanism. Organisms that possess myotoxins include:
<ul><li><a href="Rattlesnake" title="Rattlesnake">rattlesnakes</a></li>
<li><a href="Mexican_beaded_lizard" title="Mexican beaded lizard">Mexican beaded lizard</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Cytotoxicity" title="Cytotoxicity">Cytotoxins</a> are toxic at the level of individual cells, either in a non-specific fashion or only in certain types of living cells:
<ul><li><a href="Ricin" title="Ricin">Ricin</a>, from <a href="Castor_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Castor bean">castor beans</a></li>
<li><a href="Apitoxin" title="Apitoxin">Apitoxin</a>, from <a href="Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">honey bees</a></li>
<li><a href="T-2_mycotoxin" title="T-2 mycotoxin">T-2 mycotoxin</a>, from certain toxic <a href="Mushroom" title="Mushroom">mushrooms</a></li>
<li><a href="Cardiotoxin_III" title="Cardiotoxin III">Cardiotoxin III</a>, from <a href="Chinese_cobra" title="Chinese cobra">Chinese cobra</a></li>
<li><a href="Hemotoxin" title="Hemotoxin">Hemotoxin</a>, from <a href="Viper" title="Viper">vipers</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weaponry">Weaponry</h3></div>
<p>Many living organisms employ toxins offensively or defensively. A relatively small number of toxins are known to have the potential to cause widespread sickness or casualties. They are often inexpensive and easily available, and in some cases it is possible to refine them outside the laboratory.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As biotoxins act quickly, and are highly toxic even at low doses, they can be more efficient than chemical agents.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Due to these factors, it is vital to raise awareness of the clinical symptoms of biotoxin poisoning, and to develop effective countermeasures including rapid investigation, response, and treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental">Environmental</h2></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Environmental_toxicology" title="Environmental toxicology">Environmental toxicology</a></div>
<p>The term "environmental toxin" can sometimes explicitly include synthetic contaminants<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14977703_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14977703-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as industrial <a href="Pollutant" title="Pollutant">pollutants</a> and other artificially made <a href="Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxic</a> substances. As this contradicts most formal definitions of the term "toxin", it is important to confirm what the researcher means when encountering the term outside of microbiological contexts.
</p><p>Environmental toxins from <a href="Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chains</a> that may be dangerous to human health include:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Paralytic_shellfish_poisoning" title="Paralytic shellfish poisoning">Paralytic shellfish poisoning</a> (PSP)<sup id="cite_ref-iviv_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iviv-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dlpsp_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dlpsp-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-psptp_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psptp-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="Amnesic_shellfish_poisoning" title="Amnesic shellfish poisoning">Amnesic shellfish poisoning</a> (ASP)<sup id="cite_ref-aspt_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aspt-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ocfl_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocfl-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="Diarrheal_shellfish_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Diarrheal shellfish poisoning">Diarrheal shellfish poisoning</a> (DSP)<sup id="cite_ref-dmto_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dmto-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ehed_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ehed-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="Neurotoxic_shellfish_poisoning" title="Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning">Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning</a> (NSP)<sup id="cite_ref-nspb_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nspb-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bnba_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bnba-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bigm_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bigm-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2></div>
<p>In general, when scientists determine the amount of a substance that may be hazardous for humans, animals and/or the environment they determine the amount of the substance likely to trigger effects and if possible establish a safe level. In Europe, the <a href="European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a> produced risk assessments for more than 4,000 substances in over 1,600 scientific opinions and they provide open access summaries of human health, animal health and ecological hazard assessments in their OpenFoodTox<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> database.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid31325634_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31325634-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The OpenFoodTox database can be used to screen potential new foods for toxicity.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Program (TEHIP)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the <a href="United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine" title="United States National Library of Medicine">United States National Library of Medicine</a> (NLM) maintains a comprehensive toxicology and environmental health web site that includes access to toxins-related resources produced by TEHIP and by other government agencies and organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-Fonger_2000_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fonger_2000-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This web site includes links to databases, bibliographies, tutorials, and other scientific and consumer-oriented resources. TEHIP also is responsible for the Toxicology Data Network (TOXNET),<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an integrated system of toxicology and environmental health databases that are available free of charge on the web.
</p><p><a href="TOXMAP" title="TOXMAP">TOXMAP</a> is a Geographic Information System (GIS) that is part of TOXNET.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TOXMAP uses maps of the United States to help users visually explore data from the <a href="United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a>'s (EPA) <a href="Toxics_Release_Inventory" title="Toxics Release Inventory">Toxics Release Inventory</a> and <a href="Superfund_Basic_Research_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfund Basic Research Program">Superfund Basic Research Programs</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">
/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
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<ul><li><a href="ArachnoServer" title="ArachnoServer">ArachnoServer</a></li>
<li><a href="Brevetoxin" title="Brevetoxin">Brevetoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Cangitoxin" title="Cangitoxin">Cangitoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Detoxification_(alternative_medicine)" title="Detoxification (alternative medicine)">Detoxification (alternative medicine)</a></li>
<li><a href="Dose%E2%80%93response_relationship" title="Dose–response relationship">Dose–response relationship</a></li>
<li><a href="Excitotoxicity" title="Excitotoxicity">Excitotoxicity</a></li>
<li><a href="Environment_and_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment and health">Environment and health</a></li>
<li><a href="Exposome" title="Exposome">Exposome</a></li>
<li><a href="Insect_toxin" title="Insect toxin">Insect toxin</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_highly_toxic_gases" title="List of highly toxic gases">List of highly toxic gases</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_poisonous_plants" title="List of poisonous plants">List of poisonous plants</a></li>
<li><a href="Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></li>
<li><a href="Secondary_metabolite" title="Secondary metabolite">Secondary metabolite</a></li>
<li><a href="Toxalbumin" title="Toxalbumin">Toxalbumin</a></li>
<li><a href="Toxicophore" title="Toxicophore">Toxicophore</a>, feature or group within a <a href="Molecule" title="Molecule">molecule</a> that is thought to be responsible for its toxic properties.</li>
<li><a href="Toxin-antitoxin_system" title="Toxin-antitoxin system">Toxin-antitoxin system</a></li></ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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<ol class="references">
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman" class="citation web cs1">Goodman, Brenda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webmd.com/diet/features/arsenic-food-faq">"Arsenic in Food: FAQ"</a>. <i>WebMD</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBeans2021" class="citation journal cs1">Beans, Carolyn (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8379988">"Keeping arsenic out of rice"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>118</b> (33). <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PNAS..11813071B">2021PNAS..11813071B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2113071118">10.1073/pnas.2113071118</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8379988">8379988</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34380741">34380741</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236989837">236989837</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/178">"U.S. Code"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2022</span>. <q>the term "toxin" means the toxic material or product of plants, animals, microorganisms ...or a recombinant or synthesized molecule...</q></cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/es/training/toxicology_curriculum/modules/1/module-1.pdf">"Module 1: Introduction to Toxicology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2022</span>. <q>arsenic, a toxic metal, may occur as a natural contaminant ... or ... as a by-product of industrial activities. If the second case is true, such toxic substances are referred to as toxicants, rather than toxins.</q></cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-urlbiotoxin_–_Definition_from_the_Merriam-Webster_Online_Dictionary-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlbiotoxin_–_Definition_from_the_Merriam-Webster_Online_Dictionary_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/biotoxin">"biotoxin – Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Fonger_2000-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fonger_2000_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFongerStroupThomasWexler2000" class="citation journal cs1">Fonger GC, Stroup D, Thomas PL, Wexler P (January 2000). "TOXNET: A computerized collection of toxicological and environmental health information". <i>Toxicology and Industrial Health</i>. <b>16</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">4–</span>6. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000ToxIH..16....4F">2000ToxIH..16....4F</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F074823370001600101">10.1177/074823370001600101</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10798381">10798381</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34029729">34029729</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/toxnet/index.html">"TOXNET"</a>. <i>toxnet.nlm.nih.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190514171418/https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHochsteinSzczur2006" class="citation journal cs1">Hochstein C, Szczur M (24 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2703818">"TOXMAP: a GIS-based gateway to environmental health resources"</a>. <i>Medical Reference Services Quarterly</i>. <b>25</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">13–</span>31. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2FJ115v25n03_02">10.1300/J115v25n03_02</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2703818">2703818</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16893844">16893844</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Toxins" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Toxins">Toxins</a></span>.</div></div>
</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.t3db.org/">T3DB: Toxin-target database</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820090609/http://protchem.hunnu.edu.cn/toxin">ATDB: Animal toxin database</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toxicology.org">Society of Toxicology</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jvat.org.br">The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110211134419/http://toxseek.nlm.nih.gov/">ToxSeek: Meta-search engine in toxicology and environmental health</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecotoxmodels.org/">Website on Models & Ecotoxicology</a></li></ul>
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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184651#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1359" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184651#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1359" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1153400">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4127018-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85136335">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119398523">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119398523">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="toxiny"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116470&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX533926">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007541311305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/9b036b51-3520-42e0-9ca8-929aaf9b22f5">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="*_Toxins_**_cardiotoxin_**_cytotoxin_**_enterotoxin_**_hemotoxin_**_hepatotoxin_**_neurotoxin_**_phototoxin403" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">
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<ul><li>
<ul><li><a href="Cardiotoxicity" title="Cardiotoxicity">cardiotoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Cytotoxicity" title="Cytotoxicity">cytotoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Enterotoxin" title="Enterotoxin">enterotoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Hemotoxin" title="Hemotoxin">hemotoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Hepatotoxin" title="Hepatotoxin">hepatotoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">neurotoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Phototoxin" title="Phototoxin">phototoxin</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Microbial_toxin" title="Microbial toxin">Bacterial<br> toxins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Exotoxin" title="Exotoxin">Exotoxin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gram_positive119" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Gram-positive_bacteria" title="Gram-positive bacteria">Gram<br> positive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Bacilli" title="Bacilli">Bacilli</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="Clostridium" title="Clostridium">Clostridium</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="Clostridium_tetani" title="Clostridium tetani">tetani</a></i>
<ul><li><a href="Tetanospasmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetanospasmin">Tetanospasmin</a></li>
<li><a href="Tetanolysin" title="Tetanolysin">Tetanolysin</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="Clostridium_perfringens" title="Clostridium perfringens">perfringens</a></i>
<ul><li><a href="Clostridium_perfringens_alpha_toxin" title="Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin">Alpha toxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Clostridium_enterotoxin" title="Clostridium enterotoxin">Enterotoxin</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="Clostridium_difficile_(bacteria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clostridium difficile (bacteria)">difficile</a></i>
<ul><li><a href="Clostridioides_difficile_toxin_A" title="Clostridioides difficile toxin A">A</a></li>
<li><a href="Clostridioides_difficile_toxin_B" title="Clostridioides difficile toxin B">B</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="Clostridium_botulinum" title="Clostridium botulinum">botulinum</a></i>
<ul><li><a href="Botulinum_toxin" title="Botulinum toxin">Botox</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Other:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Anthrax_toxin" title="Anthrax toxin">Anthrax toxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Listeriolysin_O" title="Listeriolysin O">Listeriolysin O</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Coccus" class="mw-redirect" title="Coccus">Cocci</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Streptolysin" title="Streptolysin">Streptolysin</a></li>
<li><a href="Leukocidin" title="Leukocidin">Leukocidin</a>
<ul><li><a href="Panton%E2%80%93Valentine_leukocidin" title="Panton–Valentine leukocidin">Panton–Valentine leukocidin</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="Staphylococcus" title="Staphylococcus">Staphylococcus</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Staphylococcus_aureus_alpha_toxin" title="Staphylococcus aureus alpha toxin">Staphylococcus aureus alpha</a>/<a href="Staphylococcus_aureus_beta_toxin" title="Staphylococcus aureus beta toxin">beta</a>/<a href="Staphylococcus_aureus_delta_toxin" title="Staphylococcus aureus delta toxin">delta</a></li>
<li><a href="Exfoliatin" title="Exfoliatin">Exfoliatin</a></li>
<li><a href="Toxic_shock_syndrome_toxin-1" title="Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1">Toxic shock syndrome toxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Enterotoxin_type_B" title="Enterotoxin type B">Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Actinomycetota" title="Actinomycetota">Actinomycetota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Cord_factor" title="Cord factor">Cord factor</a></li>
<li><a href="Diphtheria_toxin" title="Diphtheria toxin">Diphtheria toxin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Gram-negative_bacteria" title="Gram-negative bacteria">Gram<br> negative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Shiga_toxin" title="Shiga toxin">Shiga toxin</a>/Verotoxin</li>
<li><a href="Heat-stable_enterotoxin" title="Heat-stable enterotoxin"><i>E. coli</i> heat-stable enterotoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Cholera_toxin" title="Cholera toxin">Cholera toxin</a>/<a href="Heat-labile_enterotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat-labile enterotoxin">Heat-labile enterotoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Pertussis_toxin" title="Pertussis toxin">Pertussis toxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Pseudomonas_exotoxin" title="Pseudomonas exotoxin">Pseudomonas exotoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Extracellular_adenylate_cyclase" title="Extracellular adenylate cyclase">Extracellular adenylate cyclase</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Exotoxin#Types" title="Exotoxin">Mechanisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="Exotoxin#Type_I:_cell_surface-active" title="Exotoxin">type I</a></i>
<ul><li><a href="Superantigen" title="Superantigen">Superantigen</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="Exotoxin#Type_II:_membrane_damaging" title="Exotoxin">type II</a></i>
<ul><li><a href="Pore-forming_toxin" title="Pore-forming toxin">Pore-forming toxin</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="Exotoxin#Type_III:_intracellular" title="Exotoxin">type III</a></i>
<ul><li><a href="AB_toxin" title="AB toxin">AB toxin</a>/<a href="AB5_toxin" title="AB5 toxin">AB5</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Endotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Endotoxin">Endotoxin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Lipopolysaccharide" title="Lipopolysaccharide">Lipopolysaccharide</a>
<ul><li><a href="Lipid_A" title="Lipid A">Lipid A</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Delta_endotoxins" title="Delta endotoxins"><i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> delta endotoxin</a>
<ul><li><a href="Cry1Ac" title="Cry1Ac">Cry1Ac</a></li>
<li><a href="Cry3Bb1" class="mw-redirect" title="Cry3Bb1">Cry3Bb1</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Other <i>B. thuringiensis</i> toxins
<ul><li><a href="Cry6Aa" title="Cry6Aa">Cry6Aa</a></li>
<li><a href="Cry34Ab1" title="Cry34Ab1">Cry34Ab1</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Virulence_factor" title="Virulence factor">Virulence<br> factor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Clumping_factor_A" title="Clumping factor A">Clumping factor A</a></li>
<li><a href="Fibronectin_binding_protein_A" title="Fibronectin binding protein A">Fibronectin binding protein A</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mycotoxin" title="Mycotoxin">Mycotoxins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Aflatoxin" title="Aflatoxin">Aflatoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Amatoxin" title="Amatoxin">Amatoxin</a> (<a href="%CE%91-Amanitin" title="Α-Amanitin">alpha-amanitin</a>, <a href="%CE%92-Amanitin" title="Β-Amanitin">beta-amanitin</a>, <a href="%CE%93-Amanitin" title="Γ-Amanitin">gamma-amanitin</a>, <a href="%CE%95-Amanitin" title="Ε-Amanitin">epsilon-amanitin</a>, <a href="Amanullin" title="Amanullin">Amanullin</a>, <a href="Amanullinic_acid" title="Amanullinic acid">Amanullinic acid</a>, <a href="Amaninamide" title="Amaninamide">Amaninamide</a>, <a href="Amanin" title="Amanin">Amanin</a>, <a href="Proamanullin" title="Proamanullin">Proamanullin</a>)</li>
<li><a href="3-Nitropropionic_acid" title="3-Nitropropionic acid">beta-Nitropropionic acid</a></li>
<li><a href="Citrinin" title="Citrinin">Citrinin</a></li>
<li><a href="Cytochalasin" title="Cytochalasin">Cytochalasin</a></li>
<li><a href="Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">Ergotamine</a></li>
<li><a href="Fumonisin" title="Fumonisin">Fumonisin</a> (<a href="Fumonisin_B1" title="Fumonisin B1">Fumonisin B1</a>, <a href="Fumonisin_B2" title="Fumonisin B2">Fumonisin B2</a>, Fumonisin B3, <a href="Fumonisin_B4" title="Fumonisin B4">Fumonisin B4</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Gliotoxin" title="Gliotoxin">Gliotoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Ibotenic_acid" title="Ibotenic acid">Ibotenic acid</a></li>
<li><a href="Lolitrem_B" title="Lolitrem B">Lolitrem B</a></li>
<li><a href="Muscarine" title="Muscarine">Muscarine</a></li>
<li><a href="Muscimol" title="Muscimol">Muscimol</a></li>
<li><a href="Orellanine" title="Orellanine">Orellanine</a></li>
<li><a href="Ochratoxin" title="Ochratoxin">Ochratoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Patulin" title="Patulin">Patulin</a></li>
<li><a href="Phallotoxin" title="Phallotoxin">Phallotoxin</a> (<a href="Phalloidin" title="Phalloidin">Phalloidin</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Satratoxin-H" title="Satratoxin-H">Satratoxin-H</a></li>
<li><a href="Sterigmatocystin" title="Sterigmatocystin">Sterigmatocystin</a></li>
<li><a href="T-2_mycotoxin" title="T-2 mycotoxin">T-2 mycotoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Trichothecene" title="Trichothecene">Trichothecene</a></li>
<li><a href="Vomitoxin" title="Vomitoxin">Vomitoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Zeranol" title="Zeranol">Zeranol</a></li>
<li><a href="Zearalenone" title="Zearalenone">Zearalenone</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> toxins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Amygdalin" title="Amygdalin">Amygdalin</a></li>
<li><a href="Anisatin" title="Anisatin">Anisatin</a></li>
<li><a href="Antiarin" title="Antiarin">Antiarin</a></li>
<li><a href="Brucine" title="Brucine">Brucine</a></li>
<li><a href="Chaconine" title="Chaconine">Chaconine</a></li>
<li><a href="Cicutoxin" title="Cicutoxin">Cicutoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Coniine" title="Coniine">Coniine</a></li>
<li><a href="Daphnin" title="Daphnin">Daphnin</a></li>
<li><a href="Delphinine" title="Delphinine">Delphinine</a></li>
<li><a href="Divicine" title="Divicine">Divicine</a></li>
<li><a href="Djenkolic_acid" title="Djenkolic acid">Djenkolic acid</a></li>
<li><a href="Falcarinol" title="Falcarinol">Falcarinol</a></li>
<li><a href="Gossypol" title="Gossypol">Gossypol</a></li>
<li><a href="Helenalin" title="Helenalin">Helenalin</a></li>
<li><a href="Ledol" title="Ledol">Ledol</a></li>
<li><a href="Linamarin" title="Linamarin">Linamarin</a></li>
<li><a href="Lotaustralin" title="Lotaustralin">Lotaustralin</a></li>
<li><a href="Mimosine" title="Mimosine">Mimosine</a></li>
<li><a href="Oenanthotoxin" title="Oenanthotoxin">Oenanthotoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Oleandrin" title="Oleandrin">Oleandrin</a></li>
<li><a href="Persin" title="Persin">Persin</a></li>
<li><a href="Protoanemonin" title="Protoanemonin">Protoanemonin</a></li>
<li><a href="Pseudaconitine" title="Pseudaconitine">Pseudaconitine</a></li>
<li><a href="Retronecine" title="Retronecine">Retronecine</a></li>
<li><a href="Resiniferatoxin" title="Resiniferatoxin">Resiniferatoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Hyoscine_hydrobromide" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyoscine hydrobromide">Scopolamine</a></li>
<li><a href="Solamargine" title="Solamargine">Solamargine</a></li>
<li><a href="Solanidine" title="Solanidine">Solanidine</a></li>
<li><a href="Solanine" title="Solanine">Solanine</a></li>
<li><a href="Solasodamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Solasodamine">Solasodamine</a></li>
<li><a href="Solasodine" title="Solasodine">Solasodine</a></li>
<li><a href="Solasonine" title="Solasonine">Solasonine</a></li>
<li><a href="Solauricidine" class="mw-redirect" title="Solauricidine">Solauricidine</a></li>
<li><a href="Solauricine" class="mw-redirect" title="Solauricine">Solauricine</a></li>
<li><a href="Strychnine" title="Strychnine">Strychnine</a></li>
<li><a href="Swainsonine" title="Swainsonine">Swainsonine</a></li>
<li><a href="Tagetitoxin" title="Tagetitoxin">Tagetitoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Tinyatoxin" title="Tinyatoxin">Tinyatoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Tomatine" title="Tomatine">Tomatine</a></li>
<li><a href="Toxalbumin" title="Toxalbumin">Toxalbumin</a>
<ul><li><a href="Abrin" title="Abrin">Abrin</a></li>
<li><a href="Ricin" title="Ricin">Ricin</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Tutin_(toxin)" title="Tutin (toxin)">Tutin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">Invertebrate</a> <br>toxins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="Scorpion" title="Scorpion">Scorpion</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Androctonus_australis_hector_insect_toxin" title="Androctonus australis hector insect toxin">Androctonus australis hector insect toxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Charybdotoxin" title="Charybdotoxin">Charybdotoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Maurotoxin" title="Maurotoxin">Maurotoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Agitoxin" title="Agitoxin">Agitoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Margatoxin" title="Margatoxin">Margatoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Slotoxin" title="Slotoxin">Slotoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Scyllatoxin" title="Scyllatoxin">Scyllatoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Hefutoxin" title="Hefutoxin">Hefutoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="HgeTx1" title="HgeTx1">HgeTx1</a></li>
<li><a href="HsTx1" title="HsTx1">HsTx1</a></li>
<li><a href="Kaliotoxin" title="Kaliotoxin">Kaliotoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Lq2" title="Lq2">Lq2</a></li>
<li><a href="Birtoxin" title="Birtoxin">Birtoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Bestoxin" title="Bestoxin">Bestoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="BmKAEP" title="BmKAEP">BmKAEP</a></li>
<li><a href="Phaiodotoxin" title="Phaiodotoxin">Phaiodotoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Imperatoxin" title="Imperatoxin">Imperatoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Pandinus_imperator_(Pi3)_toxin" title="Pandinus imperator (Pi3) toxin">Pi3</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="Spider" title="Spider">Spider</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Latrotoxin" title="Latrotoxin">Latrotoxin</a>
<ul><li><a href="Alpha-Latrotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Latrotoxin">Alpha-latrotoxin</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="CSTX" title="CSTX">CSTX</a></li>
<li><a href="Cupiennin" title="Cupiennin">Cupiennins</a></li>
<li><a href="Phoneutria_nigriventer_toxin-3" title="Phoneutria nigriventer toxin-3">PhTx3</a></li>
<li><a href="Stromatoxin" title="Stromatoxin">Stromatoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Vanillotoxin" title="Vanillotoxin">Vanillotoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Huwentoxin" title="Huwentoxin">Huwentoxin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Conotoxin" title="Conotoxin">Conotoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Eledoisin" title="Eledoisin">Eledoisin</a></li>
<li><a href="Onchidal" title="Onchidal">Onchidal</a></li>
<li><a href="Saxitoxin" title="Saxitoxin">Saxitoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">Tetrodotoxin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">Vertebrate</a> <br>toxins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Ciguatoxin" title="Ciguatoxin">Ciguatoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">Tetrodotoxin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="Amphibian" title="Amphibian">Amphibian</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Allopumiliotoxin_267A" title="Allopumiliotoxin 267A">(+)-Allopumiliotoxin 267A</a></li>
<li><a href="Batrachotoxin" title="Batrachotoxin">Batrachotoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Bufotoxin" title="Bufotoxin">Bufotoxins</a>
<ul><li><a href="Arenobufagin" title="Arenobufagin">Arenobufagin</a></li>
<li><a href="Bufotalin" title="Bufotalin">Bufotalin</a></li>
<li><a href="Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">Bufotenin</a></li>
<li><a href="Cinobufagin" title="Cinobufagin">Cinobufagin</a></li>
<li><a href="Marinobufagenin" title="Marinobufagenin">Marinobufagin</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Epibatidine" title="Epibatidine">Epibatidine</a></li>
<li><a href="Histrionicotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Histrionicotoxin">Histrionicotoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Pumiliotoxin_251D" title="Pumiliotoxin 251D">Pumiliotoxin 251D</a></li>
<li><a href="Samandarin" title="Samandarin">Samandarin</a></li>
<li><a href="Samandaridine" title="Samandaridine">Samandaridine</a></li>
<li><a href="Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">Tarichatoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Zetekitoxin_AB" title="Zetekitoxin AB">Zetekitoxin AB</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptile</a>/<br><a href="Snake_venom" title="Snake venom">Snake venom</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Bungarotoxin" title="Bungarotoxin">Bungarotoxin</a>
<ul><li><a href="%CE%91-Bungarotoxin" title="Α-Bungarotoxin">α-Bungarotoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="%CE%92-Bungarotoxin" title="Β-Bungarotoxin">β-Bungarotoxin</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Calciseptine" title="Calciseptine">Calciseptine</a></li>
<li><a href="Taicatoxin" title="Taicatoxin">Taicatoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="Calcicludine" title="Calcicludine">Calcicludine</a></li>
<li><a href="Cardiotoxin_III" title="Cardiotoxin III">Cardiotoxin III</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i>note: some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species</i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Toxicology429" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Toxicology429" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Toxicology" title="Toxicology">Toxicology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Aquatic_toxicology" title="Aquatic toxicology">Aquatic toxicology</a></li>
<li><a href="Ecotoxicology" title="Ecotoxicology">Ecotoxicology</a></li>
<li><a href="Occupational_toxicology" title="Occupational toxicology">Occupational toxicology</a></li>
<li><a href="Entomotoxicology" title="Entomotoxicology">Entomotoxicology</a></li>
<li><a href="Environmental_toxicology" title="Environmental toxicology">Environmental toxicology</a></li>
<li><a href="Forensic_toxicology" title="Forensic toxicology">Forensic toxicology</a></li>
<li><a href="Medical_toxicology" title="Medical toxicology">Medical toxicology</a></li>
<li><a href="In_vitro_toxicology" title="In vitro toxicology">In vitro toxicology</a></li>
<li><a href="Toxicogenomics" title="Toxicogenomics">Toxicogenomics</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Acceptable_daily_intake" title="Acceptable daily intake">Acceptable daily intake</a></li>
<li><a href="Acute_toxicity" title="Acute toxicity">Acute toxicity</a></li>
<li><a href="Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">Bioaccumulation</a></li>
<li><a href="Biomagnification" title="Biomagnification">Biomagnification</a></li>
<li><a href="Fixed-dose_procedure" title="Fixed-dose procedure">Fixed-dose procedure</a></li>
<li><a href="Lethal_dose" title="Lethal dose">Lethal dose</a></li>
<li><a href="Poison" title="Poison">Poison</a></li>
<li><a href="Toxic_capacity" title="Toxic capacity">Toxic capacity</a></li>
<li><a href="Toxicity_class" title="Toxicity class">Toxicity class</a></li>
<li><a href="Venom" title="Venom">Venom</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">Activated carbon</a></li>
<li><a href="Antidote" title="Antidote">Antidote</a></li>
<li><a href="Cathartic" title="Cathartic">Cathartic</a></li>
<li><a href="Chelation_therapy" title="Chelation therapy">Chelation therapy</a></li>
<li><a href="Gastric_lavage" title="Gastric lavage">Gastric lavage</a></li>
<li><a href="Hemodialysis" title="Hemodialysis">Hemodialysis</a></li>
<li><a href="Hemoperfusion" title="Hemoperfusion">Hemoperfusion</a></li>
<li><a href="Whole_bowel_irrigation" title="Whole bowel irrigation">Whole bowel irrigation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="1858_Bradford_sweets_poisoning" title="1858 Bradford sweets poisoning">1858 Bradford sweets poisoning</a></li>
<li><a href="2007_pet_food_recalls" title="2007 pet food recalls">2007 pet food recalls</a></li>
<li><a href="Bhopal_disaster" title="Bhopal disaster">Bhopal disaster</a></li>
<li><a href="Minamata_disease" title="Minamata disease">Minamata disease</a></li>
<li><a href="Niigata_Minamata_disease" title="Niigata Minamata disease">Niigata Minamata disease</a></li>
<li><a href="Poisoning_of_Alexander_Litvinenko" title="Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko">Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko</a></li>
<li><a href="Seveso_disaster" title="Seveso disaster">Seveso disaster</a></li>
<li><a href="Consumption_of_Tide_Pods" title="Consumption of Tide Pods">Consumption of Tide Pods</a></li>
<li><a href="Visakhapatnam_gas_leak" title="Visakhapatnam gas leak">Visakhapatnam gas leak</a></li>
<li><a href="2022_Aqaba_toxic_gas_leak" title="2022 Aqaba toxic gas leak">2022 Aqaba toxic gas leak</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_poisonings" class="mw-redirect" title="List of poisonings">List of poisonings</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological warfare</a></li>
<li><a href="Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">Carcinogen</a></li>
<li><a href="Food_safety" title="Food safety">Food safety</a></li>
<li><a href="Hazard_symbol" title="Hazard symbol">Hazard symbol</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_extremely_hazardous_substances" class="mw-redirect" title="List of extremely hazardous substances">List of extremely hazardous substances</a></li>
<li><a href="Mutagen" title="Mutagen">Mutagen</a></li>
<li><a href="Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></li></ul>
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<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Toxicology" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Toxicology">Commons</a></b></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"></span></span> <b>WikiProject</b></li></ul>
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